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Message: <blockquote data-quote="Dave70968" data-source="post: 3053104" data-attributes="member: 13624"><p>Penetration is less a function of energy (1/2 * mass * velocity squared) and more a function of momentum (mass * velocity).  It's also a function of bullet shape (frontal area and shape--and a bullet that expands on impact has more drag than one that takes 12" to expand) and sectional density (related to shape).  Long, smooth, pointy bullets will penetrate more deeply than short, flat-nosed ones, even at the same mass and velocity.  Bullet construction directly affects the shape as it penetrates; a hardcast monolithic solid will retain its shape, while a Glaser Safety Slug will be quickly pulverized (which is precisely what it's designed to do), limiting penetration even if they have the same kinetic energy at the moment of impact.</p></blockquote><p></p>